Footnotes are used to give credit to sources of any material consulted, summarised or paraphrased. Footnotes are meant for citation of authorities, cross-references, acknowledgement of sources or explanation of point of view. They refer readers to the exact pages of the source material.
Format: Footnotes are placed at the bottom of the very same page separated from the text by a line about 1½ " long. Footnotes should be numbered consecutively beginning with 1 in each chapter separately. The number is typed as superscript. Arabic numerals should be used for footnotes. Asterisks or other symbols should not be used for footnoting. In Microsoft word processor, from ‘Insert’ menu footnote can be inserted. Short-cut Alt + Ctrl + F also will insert footnote.
Footnotes are typed in single space within and double space between each listing. Footnotes should be typed in a font size two points smaller than the text. Only one sentence is used in a footnote. Full stop is to be given at the end of the footnote.
Book Reference: i) Name of the author (first name or initials first; surname last) followed by a comma; ii) Title of the Book in Italics, followed by comma, followed by edition, followed by comma; iii) Publisher, Place of Publication, Year of Publication in brackets; iv) Page number.
Periodical Reference: i) Name of the author (surname last), followed by a comma; ii) Title of the Article in quotation marks; iii) Name of the periodical in Italics; iv) Volume number; v) Date of issuance; vi) Page numbers.
Multiple authorship: If there are more than two authors, then the name of only the first is given and multiple authorship is indicated by et al (= and others).
Multiple references of the same book: The first footnote reference should be complete in its documentation. Subsequent references to the same book without any other references intervening is indicated by Ibid. (Id. is commonly used in legal citations) followed by a comma and the page number. A single page is referred to as p. but multiple pages are referred to as pp. If there are more than one pages, it can be referred as pp. 333-335. Ibid. is used only if the previous reference is on the same page.
Op. cit. (opera citato) (= in the work cited) which should be preceded by author’s name and followed by page number indicates that the reference is to a book by the author which has been cited in detail in an earlier footnote but intervened by some other references.
Supra means cited with details of the source above.
Citation of case law: i) The name of the case should be in Italics. ii) ‘v’ should be in small letter and it should not be in Italics. ‘v’ should be followed by a dot (v.). iii) In referencing the publication (i.e. A.I.R., SCC) year and page numbers should not be in Italics. iv) Prescribed citation method of respective Law Reports and Journal should be followed. e.g. (1993) 4 SCC 392.
Referencing Quotations: If the wording of the sentence is exactly like that of your source, it is a direct quotation; it should be put in quotation marks and a footnote should be provided. If the wording of a sentence is similar to the source but not exactly the same, it is a paraphrase; it should not be put in quotation marks, but it must still be footnoted.
Endnote: While footnotes are placed at the bottom of the page, endnotes are placed numerically at the end of the chapter on a separate page entitled Endnotes or Notes or References. Footnotes are preferred to endnotes. Short-cut in Microsoft Word for inserting endnote is Alt + Ctrl + D.
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